Mechanism of Injury
Primary TBI’s:Ø Skull fracture
Contrecoup - rebound, indirect contusion on the opposite side of the skull Ø Diffuse axonal injury
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Secondary TBI’s:Ø Anoxic brain injury
Images copied from B. Gould, R. Dyer 2011, Pathophysiology for the Health Professionals, p. 495
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Causes & Risk Factors
Ø Leading causes of TBI’s include violence, motor vehicle accidents (MVA), sports-related injuries, gunshot wounds, falls, and work-related accidents.
Ø TBI’s are most common in children under the age of 4, adults between the age of 15-25 and the elderly over age 75.
Ø Falls can occur in any age group, but most common in the elderly
Ø Athletes participating in contact sports such as boxing, soccer or hockey are at risk for brain injuries
Ø Infants are at risk for brain injuries if aggressively shaken
Ø Objects that fall on a persons head or hit someone in the head may cause a brain injury
Ø TBI’s are most common in children under the age of 4, adults between the age of 15-25 and the elderly over age 75.
Ø Falls can occur in any age group, but most common in the elderly
Ø Athletes participating in contact sports such as boxing, soccer or hockey are at risk for brain injuries
Ø Infants are at risk for brain injuries if aggressively shaken
Ø Objects that fall on a persons head or hit someone in the head may cause a brain injury
Gould, B. E., & Dyer, R. M. (2011). Pathophysiology for the Health Professionals (Fourth ed., pp. 494-498). St. Louis, MO: Jeanne Olson; Saunders Elsevier Inc.
Werner, R. (2013). A Massage Therapist's Guide to Pathology (Fifth ed., pp. 201-203). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.